Op-Amp Frequency Response 2 Equation 2 is a considerable improvement and provides excellent results up to frequencies roughly one-tenth of the gain-bandwidth product of the op-amp. It will be impossible to find one that has a bandwidth between 111kHz and 1.5MHz. In other words it is running in an open loop format. This type of op amp comprises nearly all op amps below 10 MHz bandwidth and on the order of 90% of those with higher bandwidths. Electrically speaking, the frequency at which the signal gain is 1/sqrt(2) or 0.707 of the ideal value is the bandwidth of the op amp. 6.6. Similar equations have been developed in other books, but the presentation here empha-sizes material required for speedy op amp design. This is then the half-power point. This is referred to as the voltage feedback model. After this, the gain of the op amp falls at a steady, constant rate called the gain-bandwidth product, until it reaches 0. Chapter 2 reviews some basic phys-ics and develops the fundamental circuit equations that are used throughout the book. Figure 5: Gain-Bandwidth Product . Figures are often quoted in the op amp data-sheets in terms of volts per millivolt, V/mV. MT-033. amplifier to that its g m can be maximized when high frequency operation is important, as both w p2 and w ta are proportional to g m. (g m of nMOS is larger under the same current and size). The op-amp compares the output voltage across the load with the input voltage and increases its own output voltage with the value of V F. As a result, the voltage drop V F is compensated and the circuit behaves very nearly as an ideal (super) diode with V F = 0 V. Figure 1.2: The Attributes of an Ideal Op Amp Basic Operation The basic operation of the op amp can be easily summarized. : 3 vo m dB t A ω ωω= where: ()mid-band gain vo m A ω In other words, m ω is some frequency within the bandwidth of the amplifier By definition the gain-bandwidth product (GBW) is the product of the bandwidth of the amplifier (-3 dB frequency) and the DC gain of the amplifier (at DC). With a feedback factor of 0.151515, the gain of the op-amp is the reciprocal i.e. Page 5 of 8 . Gain figures for the op amp in this configuration are normally very high, typically between 10 000 and 100 000. Third, if the third stage of source follower is needed, then an nMOS version is preferable as this will have less voltage drop. The cutoff point of the full-power bandwidth is when it drops 3dB from its maximum gain. The full-power bandwidth is the range of frequencies where the op amp has the most gain. Usually op amps have high bandwidth. 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